Ronald Reagan informed Congress of his decisions to commit U.S. troops to actions in Lebanon and Grenada, then suffered from the Iran-Contra scandal, in which members of his administration plotted to raise funds for anti-Communists in Nicaraguaa form of aid that Congress had explicitly outlawed. Bush won a Congressional resolution supporting his decision to oust Iraqi forces from Kuwait in 1991. B. elimination of candidate selection by primary
B. is used in Europe as well as in the United States. Abbott appoints the presiding officers . B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. B. 74 likely had this problem in mind in calling for directing . 5
E. None of these answers is correct. The brief war powers debate at the Philadelphia Convention confirms that this omission was intentional and substantive. What aspect of presidential election did Andrew Jackson try but fail to achieve? Perhaps the lesson to be taken from the presidents since Kennedy is one Arthur Schlesinger suggested almost 40 years ago, writing about Nixon: The effective means of controlling the presidency lay less in law than in politics. It was a challenge that Kennedy saw fit to manage exclusively with his White House advisers. D. presidential nominee's choice of a running mate. Additionally, today's society puts the president as the figurehead of the nation and so he has a lot more sway and reach over the American people than he would have used to, with the advances in media and communications technology that we have made. To learn more about enforcement please click on below link. Federalist No. How many presidents have been impeached in U.S. history? But he also worried that a first strike against the Soviet installations in Cuba would turn peace advocates everywhere against the United States. E. Jimmy Carter. E. mid-term elections. In meeting the challenges of his time, Kennedy sharply expanded the power of the presidency, particularly in foreign affairs. On March 31, he announced that he would not run for another term and that he planned to begin peace talks in Paris. His decision rested on two fears: that Castro represented an advance wave of a Communist assault on Latin America, and that if Kennedy aborted the invasion, he would be vulnerable to domestic political attacks as a weak leader whose temporizing would encourage Communist aggression. His decision in late 2009 to expand the war in Afghanistanalbeit with withdrawal timelinesrekindled worries about an imperial presidency. E. President Bush used the veto less and less during the course of his presidency so as not to cause his popularity to fall. They are legally binding in the same way that treaties are. A. Andrew Johnson. E. Supreme Court in a judicial proceeding. Johnson, like his immediate predecessors, assumed that decisions about war and peace had largely become the presidents. C. 1856
B. Maine
But in general, the former power encompasses creating standing directions and punishments that broadly control behavior of the military (such as the articles of war, the Uniform Code of Military Justice, or statutes such as the War Crimes Act); the latter power refers to contingent orders made in response to developments in battles and campaigns. One of the most important of the President's domestic powers is the power to veto bills (laws). Still, Johnsons successor in the White House, Richard Nixon, sought as much latitude as he could manage. D. do not use the Electoral College system. What are the potential dangers in the powers or the congress that have over time. D. should provide strong leadership in the area of foreign policy but not in domestic policy. B. John Quincy Adams. A president's power has largely depended on. A. 33. B. the support of the party's organizational leaders. The invasion ended in disaster: after more than 100 invaders had been killed and the rest had been captured, Kennedy asked himself, How could I have been so stupid? The failurewhich seemed even more pronounced when his resistance to backing the assault with U.S. air power came to lightthreatened his ability to command public support for future foreign policy initiatives. While ExComm deliberated, concerns about domestic and international opinion were never far from Kennedys thinking. A. are based on very precise constitutional grants of power. Delegated powers are those given to the president by Congress to "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed," as Article II states. C. define the relationship between the United States and its allies. Thus Congresss order not to burn New York City during the retreat would be unconstitutional under the 1789 Constitution, although general regulations on the treatment of civilian property would not be. A. A. momentum. The Constitution specifies two sources of presidential power: Expressed powers include the power to make treaties, grant pardons and nominate judges. To ensure domestic support for his decisionand in spite of calls by some members of Congress for a more aggressive responseKennedy went on national television at 7 p.m. on October 22 with a 17-minute address to the nation that emphasized Soviet responsibility for the crisis and his determination to compel the withdrawal of offensive weapons from Cuba. Which of the following presidents failed to win an electoral majority, but still won the presidency by decision of the House of Representatives? Every president since Nixon has contested the War Powers Act as an infringement of their role as Commander in Chief of the armed forces. A. Office of Management and Budget
A. Michigan and Montana. B. spin control
Carter could justify the secrecy as essential to the mission, but after sandstorms and a helicopter crash aborted it, confidence in independent executive action waned. A. B. fear of impeachment. B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. As a controversial 2002 government memorandum argued. The distinction between legislative functions (making general rules and deciding on war initiation) and executive functions (conducting war or directing [military] operations) reflects the Framers broader commitment to separation of powers. In the modern era, the equivalent practice of using the presidency as a bully pulpit (Theodore Roosevelt) could best be summed up in the phrase, "________". how has the president's power increased from the start of presidenticy? Before 1991, the president was selected by the National Assembly of the Republic of China for a term of six years. Why do you think the presidents informal powers have grown over time? 30. 5. A. extraordinarily strong office with sufficient powers to enable the president to control national policy under virtually all circumstances. How does the structure of the government help prevent tyranny? But Truman would learn a paradoxical, and in his case bitter, corollary: with greater power, the president also had a greater need to win popular backing for his policies. When the operation cost 41 military lives to rescue 39 sailors, he suffered in the court of public opinion. That potential, however, went unfulfilled: after 13 days in which the two sides might have come to nuclear blows, the Soviets agreed to remove their missiles from Cuba in exchange for a guarantee that the United States would respect the islands sovereignty (and, secretly, remove U.S. missiles from Italy and Turkey). E. must be a Protestant. Most notably, Congress has power to make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces. Nothing in the Constitution requires these Rules to be consistent with the Presidents desires (although of course the President can resist them using the veto power). What's the difference between formal and enumerated powers? D. Warren Harding. In the debates at Philadelphia, James Madison said that giving Congress the power to declare war would leave the President with power to repel sudden attacks. C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. E. is subordinate to the Supreme Court. After noting that the world is very different now from the world of the Framers because man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life, he announced that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans and made the pledge that has echoed ever since: Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty., After discoursing on the challenges of eradicating hunger and disease and the necessity of global cooperation in the cause of peace, he declared that [i]n the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. Then he issued the call for which he is best remembered: And so, my fellows Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country., The address was immediately recognized as ex-ceptionally eloquenta rallying cry (the Chicago Tribune), a speech of rededication (the Philadelphia Bulletin), a call to action which Americans have needed to hear for many a year (the Denver Post)and acutely attuned to a moment that promised both advances in American prowess and grave peril from Soviet expansion. A. work of grass-roots organizers. 21. What are the benefits of a single executive? 45. Jimmy Carter's Early Life and Start in Politics. In contrast to the Constitution, the Articles gave Congress the powers of making rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and of directing their operations (emphasis added). Almost always, the focus has been on the veto power, and questions have cen-tered on how much leverage this gives presidents to shape legislative outcomes. In fact, since 1792, Congress has provided specific statutory authorization for military deployments in the cases contemplated by the Calling Forth Clause, first through the militia (which President Washington called forth to help put down the Whiskey Rebellion) and subsequently through the regular federal army (as the unreliability of the militia became increasingly clear). As a result of this superintendence principle, when Congress authorizes military operations (such as through a declaration of war), it necessarily puts the President in charge of them. But Johnson could not control the pace of the war, and as it turned into a long-term struggle costing the United States thousands of lives, increasing numbers of Americans questioned the wisdom of fighting what had begun to seem like an unwinnable conflict. A. This dramatically undermines arguments evoking a broad and unilateral authority for the Commander in Chief in the circumstances contemplated by the Calling Forth Clause, i.e., to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions.. D. lack of sufficient executive authority. Hamiltons view accords with criticisms of the pre-1787 design of government. And Congresss power to define the scope of a war seems confirmed by Congresss statutory limits on the 1798 Quasi-War with France and by the Supreme Courts approval of those limits in Bas v. Tingy (1800) and Little v. Barreme (1804). D. The veto is as much a sign of presidential weakness as of strength, because it arises when Congress refuses to accept the president's ideas. A. A. national leadership
E. the people, in a runoff election, 15. He called for cooperation from the nations allies in Europe, for democracy in Africas newly independent nations and for a new alliance for progress with our sister republics south of the border. In addressing the Communist threat, he sought to convey both statesmanship and resolvehis famous line Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate came only after he had warned the Soviets and their recently declared allies in Cuba that this hemisphere intends to remain master of its own house.. He sought to act only within the confines of expressly-granted constitutional authority. D. None of the three candidates (Dean, Kerry, and Bush) accepted federal matching funds in the primaries. For the past 50 years, the commander in chief has steadily expanded presidential power, particularly in foreign policy, Fifty Januaries ago, under a pallid sun and amid bitter winds, John F. Kennedy swore the oath that every president had taken since 1789 and then delivered one of the most memorable inaugural addresses in the American canon. C. the period of a president's term immediately following a successful foreign policy initiative. A. during his or her first year in office. E. mid-term elections. C. Al Gore won a slim majority of votes in the Electoral College. Which of the following was a provision of the War Powers Act? In August 1967, R. W. Apple Jr., the New York Times Saigon bureau chief, wrote that the war had become a stalemate and quoted U.S. officers as saying the fighting might go on for decades; Johnsons efforts to persuade Americans that the war was going well by repeatedly describing a light at the end of the tunnel opened up a credibility gap. B. the presidential image-building through public relations that contributes to the idea that the president is in charge of the national government
C. both the Senate and House in joint session
E. All these answers are correct. B. the U.S. House of Representatives
E. Ralph Nader received 3 percent of the popular vote, E. Ralph Nader received 3 percent of the popular vote. And while Bill Clinton chose to consult with Congressional leaders on operations to enforce a U.N. no-fly zone in the former Yugoslavia, he reverted to the president knows best model in launching Operation Desert Fox, the 1998 bombing intended to degrade Saddam Husseins war-making ability. Which of the following is a formal constitutional requirement for becoming president? B. Senate only. B. inherently weak office, in that presidents have almost no capacity to influence the major directions of national policy. The presidency is an office in which power is conditional, depending on whether the political support that gives force to presidential leadership exists or can be developed. C. Jimmy Carter reduced the power of the vice presidency by removing the vice president's office from the White House. In sum, the President exercises command authority subject to general rules passed by Congress pursuant to Congresss constitutional military powers. B. convention delegates' judgment as to the candidate who would make the best vice president. D. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. The issue of accountability is with us still. E. None of these answers is correct. D. Georgia and Louisiana. Both reflected the countrys traditional affinity for idealistic solutions to global problems and aimed to give the United States an advantage in the contest with Communism for hearts and minds. D. limit the president's war-making power. He altered the stewardship theory to reduce the power of the presidency while remaining an activist president. Nixons decision to normalize relations with the Peoples Republic of China, after an interruption of more than 20 years, was one of his most important foreign policy achievements, and his eight-day visit to Beijing in February 1972 was a television extravaganza. D. have expanded in practice to be more powerful than the writers of the Constitution intended. 2023 National Constitution Center. B. the first part of a president's term. Nixons action did not become public until 1980, when Anna Chennault, a principal figure in the behind-the-scenes maneuvers, revealed them, but Johnson learned of Nixons machinations during the 1968 campaign; he contended that Nixons delay of peace talks violated the Logan Act, which forbids private citizens from interfering in official negotiations. . E. mid-term elections. National Economic Council
The effect wears off, and you have to take another. He predicted that if the conflict in Vietnam were ever converted into a white mans war, we would lose the way the French had lost a decade earlier.. Terms of Use B. E. All these answers are correct. As David Barron and Martin Ledermans definitive academic study of the Clause explains, the textual designation of the President as the Commander in Chief was intended to ensure that that officer, and no other, would be ultimately responsible for performing that role, whatever it was to entail. To that end, they continue, the Clause suggests that, at least with respect to certain functions, Congress may not (by statute or otherwise) delegate the ultimate command of the army and navy. Which of the following did the framers want from a president? 74. And yet the result of Fords action did not keep Jimmy Carter, his successor, from sending a secret military mission into Iran in 1980 to free American hostages held at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. 9. But as the cold war accelerated events overseas, Johnson assumed he had license to make unilateral judgments on how to proceed in Vietnam. B. Ralph Nader won Florida by 537 votes. D. It requires the president to inform Congress within one month of the reason for the military action. Similarly, Nixon relied on Kissinger to conduct back-channel discussions with Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin before traveling to Moscow in April 1972 to advance a policy of dtente with the Soviet Union. DHS was established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002, largely in response to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Here, President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush examine legislation in the Oval Office in 1984. C. National Security Council
31. On October 16, 1962while his administration was gathering intelligence on the new threat, but before making it publiche betrayed a hint of his isolation by reciting, during a speech to journalists at the State Department, a version of a rhyme by a bullfighter named Domingo Ortega: Bullfight critics row on row Crowd the enormous plaza de toros But only one is there who knows And hes the one who fights the bull. After Trumans experience, Eisenhower understood that Americans still looked to the White House for answers to foreign threatsas long as those answers did not exceed certain limits in blood and treasure. But he planned the move in such secrecy that he didnt notify members of his own cabinetincluding his secretary of state, William Rogersuntil the last minute, and instead used his national security adviser, Henry Kissinger, to pave the way. D. National Security Council. C. the U.S. Senate
At the end of Bushs term, his approval ratings, like Trumans, fell into the twenties. C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. E. poor circumstance related to the economy. After the terrorist attacks of September 2001, George W. Bush won Congressional resolutions backing the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, but both were substantial military actions that under any traditional reading of the Constitution required declarations of war. B. John Kerry accepted federal matching funds in the primaries. A. grant all their electoral votes as a unit to the candidate who wins the state's popular vote. D. the equalization of Electoral College votes, eliminating population as a factor
In sum, the Commander in Chief Clause gives the President the exclusive power to command the military in operations approved by Congress; it probably gives the President substantial independent power to direct military operations so long has the President does not infringe exclusive powers of Congress or other provisions of the Constitution; and it may (but may not) limit Congress power to pass statutes directing or prohibiting particular military activities. At the same time, he unilaterally chose not to expand the conflict into Iraq, but even that assertion of power was seen as a bow to Congressional and public opposition to a wider war. D. They can only be made with the approval of a president's entire cabinet. D. is in office when the economy goes bad, which creates a demand for stronger leadership. 32. A. was introduced during the Jacksonian era. A. results of the primaries and caucuses; the candidate who places second in these contests is nominated as the running mate of the candidate who finishes first. Antiwar protests, with pickets outside the White House chanting, Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today? suggested the erosion of Johnsons political support. The President's Czars: Undermining Congress and the Constitution. The answer, as it turns out, is a series of Supreme Court decisions that have largely mooted any argument that the Clause imposes substantive limits on the federal government. Chastened by the tyranny of George III . This strongly suggests that Congresss Government-and-Regulation power does not include power to direct [military] operations.. But can Congress itself direct how the President exercises that command by requiring or prohibiting certain military actions? C. use the caucus instead of the primary for presidential candidate selection. D. A surprise attack on the United States is the only justification for war by presidential action. D. the Supreme Court
B. is a limited office whose occupant is confined to the exercise of expressly granted constitutional powers. A president's accomplishments have largely depended on A. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. 44. The national government prior to the Constitution lacked separation of powers, combining legislative and executive power in a single multi-member entity, and it was thought defective on that ground. Nixons actions exemplified his belief that a president could conduct foreign affairs without Congressional, press or public knowledge. In 1975, Ford signaled that the War Powers Act had placed no meaningful restrictions on a presidents power when, without consulting Congress, he sent U.S. commandos to liberate American seamen seized from the cargo ship Mayaguez by the Khmer Rouge, Cambodias Communist government. After these crises and conflicts finish, the president doesn't want to relinquish the added power, so it stays with them. And yet, except as it pertains to debates over the original understanding of the Second Amendment and the authority to deploy National Guard units overseas, Congresss constitutional power to provide for the use of the militia during these three types of domestic crises has been overlooked in almost every contemporary assessment of the Presidents inherent war powers, to the point where scholars too numerous to count have accepted without qualification the argument that the President possesses at least some independent authority to use military force in domestic emergenciesassuming that such power derives, most naturally, from the Commander in Chief Clause. E. of attitudes held by the American public. What did Alexander Hamilton argue about war in Federalist No. E. 6,500. B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. But because Congress has only specified military powers, military matters not within Congresss military powers necessarily are sole powers of the President as Commander in Chief. rigorous treatments of specific formal powers granted presidents under the Constitu-tion. Contrary to the first view, the Constitution expressly gives Congress significant power over the military. How did Theodore Roosevelt change the conception of the presidency? Bill Clinton
To be sure, the Presidents control over foreign affairs had been growing since the Theodore Roosevelt administration (and still grows today). Conservatives, who were already distressed by the expansion of social programs in his Great Society initiative, saw the Johnson presidency as an assault on traditional freedoms at home and an unwise use of American power abroad; liberals favored Johnsons initiatives to reduce poverty and make America a more just society, but they had little sympathy for a war they believed was unnecessary to protect the countrys security and wasted precious resources. A. the small policymaking role of the federal government
C. results of public opinion polls taken just before the convention begins. The 19th Amendment: How Women Won the Vote. B. Not long afterward, to guard against Republican attacks, he initiated a telephone conversation with his campaign opponent, Nixon. Interactions among branches of government. B. B. ________ was known as the "Great Communicator". After serving three terms as a congressman, he said, We were just worms in the Housenobody paid much attention to us nationally. His seven years in the Senate didnt suit him much better. One of the most important powers that the president possesses is the ability to create laws. 1. D. have expanded in practice to be more powerful than the writers of the Constitution intended. Such a limitation on the command power, written at a time when the militia rather than a standing army was contemplated as the military weapon of the Republic, underscores the Constitutions policy that Congress, not the Executive, should control utilization of the war power as an instrument of domestic policy. C. immediately after Congress enacts a major presidential initiative. E. Calvin Coolidge. Just as statutes that order the President to conduct warfare in a certain manner or for specific goals would be unconstitutional, so too are laws that seek to prevent the President from gaining the intelligence he believes necessary to prevent attacks upon the United States. A. must be at least 40 years of age
The selection of the vice presidential nominee at the national convention is based on the
D. IV
The only two states that are exceptions to the unit rule are
By ending the fighting in Korea and holding Communist expansion to a minimum without another limited war, Eisenhower won re-election in 1956 and maintained public backing for his control of foreign affairs. C. office in which power is conditional, depending on whether the political support that gives force to presidential leadership exists or can be developed. A. I
If a President refuses to sign a bill, he "vetoes" the law ("veto" is Latin for "I forbid"). E. weaken Congress in foreign policy matters. If the United States undertakes military operations, either by authorization from Congress or under the Presidents independent powers, the Constitution makes the President Commander in Chief of all U.S. military forces, and Congress cannot give command to any other person. 1928
Scholarly opinion is sharply divided on this question. One view, principally associated with Professor John Yoo, holds that attempts by Congress to control the military contrary to the Presidents desires infringe the Commander in Chief Clause by in effect depriving the President of the full ability to give commands. C. Theodore Roosevelt. Mitchel A . B. hold a single primary for presidential candidates from each major party. C. Benjamin Harrison
C. must be a natural-born citizen
D. all of these factors: the small policymaking role of the federal government; the sectional nature of the nation's major issues; and the U.S. government's small role in world affairs, 26. C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. The Constitution assigns no executive authority to the vice president. D.whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. The US-China confrontation over Russia's war on Ukraine ratcheted up on several fronts on Friday, the one-year anniversary of the invasion's start, as Washington and its allies largely rejected a peace plan by Beijing and the US announced new sanctions on Chinese companies it charged were helping to fuel the conflict. C. blocking by Congress. brainly.com/question/29422434. B. America became more of a world power. is the queen more powerful than the president. The Supreme Court, in ruling in 1974 that Nixon had to release White House tape recordings that revealed his actions on Watergate, reined in presidential powers and reasserted the influence of the judiciary. AP Photo. B. A. during his or her first year in office. Examples include issuing executive orders and negotiating executive agreements. C. He rejected the idea of the "strong presidency". B. are rooted in tradition only; they have no basis in the language of the Constitution. 31, he said, We were just worms in the primaries power, so it stays with.. Land and naval forces with sufficient powers to enable the president & # x27 ; s skill balancing... By the Homeland Security Act of 2002, largely in response to the first part of a president 's immediately. S skill at balancing the demands of competing groups no basis in the court of public opinion March! He rejected the idea of the following was a challenge that Kennedy saw fit to exclusively! 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