In c. 1772 BC Ibal-pi-el II of Eshnunna invaded and conquered Ishme-Dagan's kingdom,[53] though he returned to power not long thereafter. [50][63] Bel-bani founded the Adaside dynasty, which after his reign ruled Assyria for about a thousand years. an inhabitant of ancient Assyria. Udi, Mongolian, [38][39] It is probable that Ashur took form as a deity at some point during the Early Assyrian period as a personification of the city of Assur itself. Evenki, Petros led the Assyrian forces for two years and dreamt of retaking abandoned Christian villages and founding an Assyrian state. [6] Furthermore, some loanwords may also have a slightly different meaning from the original language.[7]. Arabic (Lebanese), [150] While Esarhaddon's documents suggest that Shamash-shum-ukin was intended to inherit all of Babylonia, it appears that he only controlled the immediate vicinity of Babylon itself since numerous other Babylonian cities apparently ignored him and considered Ashurbanipal to be their king. History of ancient Assyria and the Assyrian people, Among numerous other sites of historical and cultural value, ancient Assyrian ruins, such as those of, Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the, Late antiquity and Middle Ages (2401552), Assyria under the Sasanian Empire (240637), Crusaders, Mongols and Timurids (10961552), Literary renaissance and changes in fortune, Persecution under the Ilkhanate and Timurids, Struggles, persecution and genocide (18431919). This anti-Assyrian sentiment was somewhat misguided as the British also enlisted large units of Arabs and Kurds. A military culture. The precise number is far from certain since the massacres were poorly documented by the Ottoman government. In 2004, the Assyrian activist Hanna Hajjar championed the idea that an independent Assyria could be built together with the Turkmen as equal partners. Relations between the Assyrians and Kurds worsened further in the later 19th century, as the borders of proposed Assyrian and Kurdish states often overlapped and each group thus saw the independence movement of the other as a threat to their own efforts. [189] The Sasanians, who geopolitically opposed the Romans and often found themselves at war with them, deliberately cultivated and supported the now schismatic Church of the East. One moose, two moose. The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Barwar, Geoffrey Khan, Boston, 2008. If you would like to make any corrections or additions to this page, or if Almost a third of the refugees died along the way, murdered by bandits or due to exposure to the elements. [58][59] At some point, Assur returned to being an independent city-state. Arabic (Gulf), Copyright 19982023 Simon Ager | Email: | Hosted by Kualo, Download Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian charts provided by Wolfram Siegel, Download alphabet charts for Neo-Assyrian, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic. Kulleh birnasheh ina biryeh kheereh U' damyaneh B' iqara U' zitqeh. Amharic, Chaldean Neo-Aramaic, [252] The murder of Shimun did not put an end to the Assyrian defense force, which then came under the command of Agha Petros, who had been made a general by the French. The Armenian church however rarely interfered in their affairs. Kubachi, [153], Though Ashurbanipal's inscriptions present Assyria as an uncontested and divinely supported hegemon of the entire world, cracks were starting to form in the empire during his reign. ISIL commenced a campaign of ethnic cleansing and genocide of Christian minorities. Akkala Smi, Still opposed to Shemon, the bishops ordained under Sulaqu then elected a successor, Abdisho IV Maron, who was recognized by Pope Pius IV in 1562. [175], The most significant phase of ancient Assyrian history following the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire transpired after the region was conquered by the Parthian Empire in the 2nd century BC. Whereas some other groups, such as the Armenians, were organized into a single millet despite internal religious differences, the Ottomans separated the Sryani (Syriac Orthodox) and Keldani (Chaldean) groups into two different millets through official recognition of the Chaldeans in 1831. [228] Hopes for a Mongol conversion to Christianity reached their zenith in the 1250s, when Hulagu Khan, ruler of the Ilkhanate (at this time the semi-autonomous Middle Eastern part of the Mongol Empire, later an independent state), drove the Seljuk Turks from Persia and Assyria, conquering cities like Baghdad and Mosul and reaching as far west as Damascus. [245] When Shemon VII died, his remaining followers refused to recognize the authority of Abdisho IV and instead recognized Eliya VI, Shemon VII's nephew, as the new patriarch. In total, about 300 people were kidnapped and 3,000 were displaced. [93] Mutakkil-Nusku warred against the Babylonian king[98] Itti-Marduk-balatu,[99] a conflict which continued in the reign of his son Ashur-resh-ishi I (r.11321115BC). [194][h] Figures like Sargon II,[196] Sennacherib, Esarhaddon, Ashurbanipal and Shamash-shum-ukin long figured in local folklore and literary tradition. [179] Assur itself flourished under Parthian rule, with a large amount of buildings being either repaired or constructed from scratch. [218] Ancient works were copied and translated into Syriac from the 6th to 10th century, with Arabic translations (due to increasing Muslim interest) also becoming more common in the later stages of this timespan. So by clicking on these links you can help to support this site. Meaning differs depending on the speaker, dialect and/or context. Bznnokh. Due to continued Turkish annexation of Assyrian villages and imposing of Turkish names for them, many Assyrians fled Turkey, emigrating to countries such as Sweden, Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In addition to retaking Babylon and part of modern-day Lebanon, the Assyrians launched a series of campaigns into modern-day Israel and Palestine, resulting in numerous mentions in the Hebrew Bible. So . According to the 6th-century History of Karka, twelve of the noble families of Karka (ancient Arrapha) were descendants of ancient Assyrian nobility who lived in the city during the time of Sargon II. [110] The reigns of Adad-nirari II (r.911891BC) and Tukulti-Ninurta II (r.890884BC) saw the slow beginning of this project. [54] In the 18th century BC, Shamshi-Adad's kingdom became surrounded by competing large states, particularly the southern kingdoms of Larsa, Babylon and Eshnunna and the western kingdoms of Yamhad and Qatna. Why Assyria's early rulers used such modest titles (governor as opposed to king) is a mystery that scholars are still trying to understand. In that case, his theology was hugely influential as Assyrians in later times attributed the role of "king of the gods" to Ashur, a role otherwise typically attributed to Enlil. Discrimination against Christians was considerably milder than discrimination against Zoroastrians given that the Muslims saw Christianity as a forerunner of their own religion; in most respects the situation of the Christians under the early Muslim rulers differed little from their status under the Sasanians. Last edited on 12 February 2023, at 10:44, Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_loanwords_in_Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic&oldid=1138919025, trouble, difficulty; troublesome, difficult. Botlikh, Thanks to your submissions our bad word list has grown bigger than we ever thought it would. [24], During much of the early Assyrian period, Assur was dominated by states and polities from southern Mesopotamia. He never got his revenge on Marduk-apla-iddina, who died of natural causes before the Assyrian army landed,[139] and the campaign instead significantly escalated the conflict with the anti-Assyrian faction in Babylonia and with the Elamites. West Polesian, if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'omniglot_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_1',141,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-omniglot_com-medrectangle-4-0'); Hear the Eastern Syriac script, with example words: A video about how to write and pronounce the Esrangel Syriac script: Download Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian charts provided by Wolfram Siegel (PDF in German), Download alphabet charts for Neo-Assyrian (Excel). Under Parthian rule, the slow recovery of Assyria initiated under the Seleucids continued. [158] In 614 BC, the Medes and Babylonians sacked and destroyed Assur and in 612 BC, they captured and plundered Nineveh, Sinsharishkun dying in the capital's defense. The Assyrians in Uruk apparently continued to exist as a community until the reign of the Achaemenid king Cambyses II (r.530522 BC) and were closely linked to a local cult dedicated to Ashur. Arabic (Modern Standard), Ashurbanipal's reign also appears to have seen a growing disconnect between the king and the traditional elite of the empire; eunuchs grew unprecedently powerful in his time, being granted large tracts of lands and numerous tax exemptions. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights), Information about Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian Bugger This is used to express surprise or dissatisfaction. Adad-nirari I (who reigned from around 1305 B.C. Festschrift fr Otto Jastrow zum 60 Geburtstag, Wiesbaden, 489-502. His son and successor Ashur-etil-ilani ruled only briefly before another son of Ashurbanipal, Sinsharishkun, became king in 627 BC. He remains seen as a national hero and martyr by many Assyrians today. Yukaghir (Southern / Kolyma), Appendix:Fictional English curse words A arse arsehead arsehole ass asshole B bastard bitch bloody bollocks brotherfucker bugger bullshit C child-fucker [258] Because of his Assyrian nationalist organizing, the authorities of the Soviet Union arrested Atturaya in 1924 and he was killed in 1926. Ndragn was the Sasanian name for Adiabene, which included much of the old Assyrian lands and continued to function as a vassal kingdom under Sasanian rule as well, perhaps (at least at times) ruled by Sasanian princes. Needing a vassal ruler with stronger authority, he placed his eldest son Ashur-nadin-shumi on the Babylonian throne. This period of renewed decline was not reversed until the middle of the 10th century BC. Many of his campaigns were farther from the Assyrian heartland than those of any previous king. After the death of Hadadezer in 841 BC, Shalmaneser managed to incorporate some further western territories. In 689 BC, Sennacherib defeated Mushezib-Marduk and nearly completely destroyed Babylon. Yupik (Central Siberian), Languages written with the Latin alphabet, if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'omniglot_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_2',147,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-omniglot_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'omniglot_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_3',147,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-omniglot_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0_1'); .large-mobile-banner-1-multi-147{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}. Hadhramautic, [117] In the 830s, his armies reached into Cilicia in Anatolia and in 836, Shalmaneser reached ubuna (near modern-day Ereli), one of the westernmost places ever reached by Assyrian forces. They continued to enjoy institutional relationships with the Abbasid caliphs, who held a mainly ceremonial role under the Seljuks. This chart shows the main letters used to write Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian with [252] Under Shimun's spiritual leadership, the Assyrians took up arms against the Ottoman government and joined the side of the British in the war as the Assyrian volunteers. Nanai, With the express goal of cleansing his domain of Christians and other infidels, Timur oversaw the persecution and execution of an enormous amount of Christians. Myouqra/Myouqarta: Gentleman, Sir, Mister / Lady, Madam, Miss or Mrs. [221], Under the Seljuk Empire, which conquered much of the Middle East in the 11th century, the number of Christians in Mesopotamia and elsewhere continued to fall. Teleut, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic Even, [111] Since the reconquista had to begun nearly from scratch, its eventual success was an extraordinary achievement. Below is a list of loanwords in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, separated into sections based on the source language. [95] Modern researchers tend to varyingly ascribe the Bronze Age collapse to large-scale migrations, invasions by the mysterious Sea Peoples, new warfare technology and its effects, starvation, epidemics, climate change and an unsustainable exploitation of the working population. He constructed a palace over Taidu saying that he built it "from top to bottom" and deposited a stele (an inscription carved on stone) to mark his control of the city (translation by Albert Kirk Grayson). This word is used to describe a stupid or an annoying person. In 700 BC, Sennacherib invaded Babylonia again and drove Marduk-apla-iddina and Mushezib-Marduk away. Siberian Tatar, This slang word is used for a woman who is malicious, aggressive, or dominating. Useful phrases in Eastern Assyrian Useful phrases in Eastern Assyrian A collection of useful phrases in Eastern Assyrian, a Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Iraq, Syria, south east Turkey and north west Iran. He himself claimed to be the son of Kashtiliash only in a handful of inscriptions; it is possible that he only claimed to be Kashtiliash's son to further his claim to the Babylonian throne. Bagvalal, Rushani, If your pet/blog/etc. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. In the period after the time of Jesus Christ, the Assyrians converted to Christianity, a religion many Assyrians have kept through the present day. In, Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire, Urmia Manifesto of the United Free Assyria, 1992 Kurdistan Region parliamentary election, destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State, "Assyrians seek self-management in Hasaka over deal with PYD", "My Career in Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology", "Die Shne Kudurrus und die Herkunft der neubabylonischen Dynastie", "Libbali-sharrat in the Garden: An Assyrian Queen Holding Court", "The Early Dynastic Period in Mesopotamia", "Chronology and History in the Late Assyrian Empire (631619 B.C. Ancient records say the successors of Adad-nirari I continued to expand Assyria. [12] On 10 June 1915, 400 prisoners, including several church leaders, were paraded in chains through Diyarbekir, organized by Reshid, and there was rampant beatings, torture and humiliation. Unlike Ashurnasirpal's project at Nimrud, Sargon was not simply expanding an existing, albeit ruined, site but building a new settlement from scratch. By the time of his death in 727 BC, Tiglath-Pileser had more than doubled the territory of the empire. Talysh, [244] One of the first notable acts by the Ottomans in regards to the Assyrians was the arrest, torture and killing of the schismatic Sulaqu in 1555, an act instigated by Shermon VII. The words at the top of the list are the ones most associated with assyrian, and as you go down the relatedness becomes more slight. This curse word once widely meant a child born out of wedlock. [86] Assyrian control over Babylonia was quite indirect,[86] ruling through appointing vassal kings such as Adad-shuma-iddina. [96] Tukulti-Ninurta's direct dynastic line came to an end c. 1192 BC,[93] when the grand vizier Ninurta-apal-Ekur, a descendant of Adad-nirari I,[97] took the throne for himself. Kazakh, However, scholars disagree about the time span each period covers. On 23 February 2015, ISIL fighters combed the region along the Khabur river in north-eastern Syria, imprisoning locals, destroying shrines, churches and monasteries and plundering and razing villages. NY 10036. [238] The ancient church of the Assyrians, the Church of the East, was divided in the 16th century, when some members formed a Catholic offshoot, the Chaldean Catholic Church. [58][59] In c. 1761 BC, Assur, perhaps only briefly, fell under the control of the Old Babylonian Empire under Hammurabi. Generally, the Assyrians in the former Assyrian heartland were often exposed to cultural influences from Iran, whereas the Assyrians in the west, often today self-identifying as Syriacs, have been exposed to cultural influences from Greece. Though they inhabit much of the same lands, Assyrians and Kurds have, with some exceptions, coexisted peacefully for most of their history. Arabic (Lebanese), A few years later, an army from Elam invaded northern Mesopotamia and seized a few cities. Lingua Franca Nova, Assyria gets its name from the ancient city of Assur, founded c. 2600 BC. Ubykh, The Babylonian noble Bel-ibni, raised at the Assyrian court was appointed as vassal ruler of Babylon. Western Neo-Aramaic, Abaza, The Assyrians continued to constitute a significant portion of the population in northern Mesopotamia until suppression and massacres under the Ilkhanate and the Timurid Empire in the 14th century. to 1207 B.C.) In 710 BC, Sargon retook Babylon, driving Marduk-apla-iddina into exile in Elam. one person). California, USA 2005. After his invasion, Assyria succeeded in freeing itself from its suzerain, achieving independence once more under Ashur-uballit I (r.c. 13631328 BC), whose rise to power and independence traditionally marks the transition between the Old and Middle Assyrian periods. [102] Though one of the most successful Middle Assyrian kings, Tiglath-Pileser's conquests were not long-lasting and several territories, especially in the west, were likely lost again before his death. are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another launched a major attack on Nineveh, which the Assyrian king Sinsharishkun (reign ca. Through the translation and copying of ancient works, the early medieval Syriac-language authors not only contributed to mainstream intellectual history, but also left a significant mark on the local Christian denominations. http://www.learnassyrian.com/aramaic/, Aramaic, [74] Ashur-uballit's successors Enlil-nirari (r.c. 13271318BC) and Arik-den-ili (r.c. 13171306BC) were less successful than Ashur-uballit in expanding and consolidating Assyrian power, and as such the new kingdom developed somewhat haltingly and remained fragile. Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian, Turoyo, if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'omniglot_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',127,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-omniglot_com-medrectangle-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'omniglot_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',127,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-omniglot_com-medrectangle-4-0_1'); .medrectangle-4-multi-127{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}. Why Ashurnasirpal II and his successors chose to distance themselves from Assur, the traditional capital city of Assyria, is a source of debate among scholars. They [272][273] Just one year after Iraq became fully independent from the British, the military and local tribesmen in August 1933 carried out the Simele massacre which targeted Assyrian villages. constructed a new palace at Nineveh, moving the Assyrian capital there. [201] Certain Christian texts considered the Biblical figure Balaam to have prophesied the Star of Bethlehem; a local Assyrian version of this narrative appears in some Syriac-language writings from the Sasanian period, which allege that Balaam's prophecy was remembered only through being transmitted through the ancient Assyrian kings. The influence of Modern Persian on the Srd:rd dialect, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, XIII:65-68. Cryptic lost Canaanite language decoded on 'Rosetta Stone'-like tablets, The ultimate action-packed science and technology magazine bursting with exciting information about the universe, Subscribe today and save an extra 5% with checkout code 'LOVE5', Engaging articles, amazing illustrations & exclusive interviews, Issues delivered straight to your door or device, Excavations of Assyrian archaeological remains have been going on for over 200 years, and you can learn more about the 19th-century excavations from the. Further massacres and persecutions, enacted both by governments and by terrorist groups such as the Islamic State have resulted in most of the Assyrian people living in diaspora. Assyrian art on the wall of King Ashurnasirpal II. [68] Another Hittite invasion, by uppiluliuma I in the 14th century BC, effectively crippled the Mitanni kingdom. A large number of Christians under Rashidun and Umayyad rule likely lived their entire lives without once seeing a Muslim. The horned cap attests to its divinity, and the belt signifies its power. In 1993, the ADM member of the parliament, Francis Yusef Chabo, was murdered in Dohuk. At the same time as this more lenient approach, pressures on Christians gradually increased due to the Abbasids wishing to spread Islam. The territory the Assyrians controlled was vast, stretching from southern Iraq to the Mediterranean coast at the civilization's height in the seventh century B.C. Arabic (Hejazi), [145] Esarhaddon's greatest military achievement was the 671 BC conquest of Egypt, which not only placed a land of great cultural prestige under Esarhaddon's rule but also brought the Assyrian Empire to its greatest ever extent. Amharic, You can also filter the word list so it only shows words that are also related to another word of your choosing. His campaigns paved the way for grander efforts to restore and expand Assyrian power under his successors and the end of his reign marks the transition to the Neo-Assyrian period. [28] Notable collections of Old Assyrian cuneiform tablets have been found in trading colonies established by the Assyrians in their trade network. [268] Though little came of their efforts on a geopolitical level, the delegation ensured that new lines of communication developed between the otherwise rival groups, long divided by religion and political borders. [267] Due to the opposition of Great Britain,[267] despite many British officials previously having promised support to the Assyrian volunteers in creating an Assyrian state,[269] the Assyrians were left out of the treaties that divided the Ottoman Empire, with only a small mention being made of the need to "protect the Assyro-Chaldeans and other ethnic and religious minorities in the region". [260] On 2 July 600 Assyrians were slaughtered outside the city walls. Jewish Neo-Aramaic, [156] In 626 BC Babylonia revolted again, this time led by Nabopolassar,[64] probably a member of a prominent political family in Uruk. Sennacherib's reign came to an end in 684 BC, murdered by his eldest surviving son Arda-Mulissu due to having made the younger son Esarhaddon (r.681669BC) heir. [105] The Arameans continued to be Assyria's most prominent enemies, at times raiding deep into the Assyrian heartland. [115] A significant development during Ashurnasirpal's reign was the second transfer of the Assyrian capital away from Assur. Kryts, [186] Its relationship with the other Catholic Churches has deteriorated several times, particularly when hereditary succession was introduced in that church as well in 1600, something which led to a temporary break in communion with Rome. Ashurnasirpal II succeeded his father, Tukulti-Ninurta II, in 883 B.C. [46] From this time to the end of the Old Assyrian period, Assur frequently fell under the control of larger foreign states and empires. [193] Though some historians have argued that these tales were based only on the Bible, and not actual remembrance of ancient Assyria,[193] some figures who appear in them, such as Esarhaddon and Sargon II, are only briefly mentioned in the Bible. Yakut, At Assur, the king had to deal with nobles and a council that may have been elected, Radner wrote. Old Church Slavonic, In the Assyrian diaspora, the first earnest Assyrian associations and organizations were created, including the Taw Mim Semkath (or Assyrian National School Association), founded in Stirling, New Jersey in 1899. [145] Despite his successes, Esarhaddon faced numerous conspiracies against his rule,[145] perhaps because the king suffering from illness could be seen as the gods withdrawing their divine support for his rule. Bloody hell - Advertisement - It is an expression of anger and annoyance. At some point after 656 BC, the empire lost control of Egypt, which instead fell into the hands of the pharaoh Psamtik I, founder of Egypt's twenty-sixth dynasty,[154] originally appointed as a vassal by Ashurbanipal. Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian is usually written in the madnhy Through these policies, it was chiefly under the Abbasids that the Christian churches of Mesopotamia began their long period of decline. NASA warns of 3 skyscraper-sized asteroids headed toward Earth this week. [231] Though the governor had been ordered not to attack the Christians, he suffered no repercussions for doing so and was hailed as a hero by the Muslims of the empire. [129], Tiglath-Pileser's son Shalmaneser V (r.727722BC) was after only a brief reign usurped by Sargon II (r.722705BC), either his brother or a non-dynastic usurper. Sargon II (reign ca. Karaim, Western Neo-Aramaic, Akkadian, Among others presided over by Yonadam Kanna, secretary general of the ADM, the meeting settled on referring to the people as "Chaldo-Assyrian" and the language as "Syriac". Arabic (Chadian), [255] In the Massacres of Diyarberkir in 1895, around 25,000 Assyrians were killed. Moksha, [114], One of Ashurnasirpal's most persistent enemies was the Aramean king Ahuni of Bit Adini. Bosnian, Under attack from two groups, while trying to maintain their holdings in the West, the Assyrian military came under pressure. In the early 14th century there was a thriving small Assyrian community in the Kingdom of Cyprus. Can also be used to mean bothered ("Can't be arsed") or acting the fool ("Stop arsing about!"). Assyrian Swear Words - Learn how to curse in Assyrian. [284], To counterweight the Kurdish political power in northern Iraq, some Assyrians advocating for autonomy have favored closer relations and unity with the other minorities of the region: the Yazidis and Iraqi Turkmen. The population of Southern Mesopotamia was however during this time also largely made up of Aramaic-speaking Christians. Cities and civilizations across the Middle East werecollapsingas as a group of people from the Aegean that are sometimes called the "sea people," arrived in the region, displacing local populations and collapsing trade networks. Because many of the Mongol generals were Christians, Christians in conquered cities were often spared violence whereas Muslims were slaughtered. In 2224 October 2003, religious leaders of the various communities, politicians and civic club members met at the Ishtar Hotel in Baghdad in an effort to settle on a unified nomenclature. [175] Under Parthian suzerainty, several small and semi-independent kingdoms of Assyrian character and large Assyrian populations cropped up in the former Assyrian heartland, including Osroene, Adiabene and Hatra. [116], The reign of Ashurnasirpal's son Shalmaneser III (r.859824BC) also saw a considerable expansion of Assyrian territory. [221], In the 10th13th centuries, Syriac-language literature experienced something of a renaissance,[218][222][223] indicated by the production of several significant pieces of literature, including the Chronicle of Michael the Great, written by Michael the Syrian, patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church, as well as the theological works of Dionysius bar Salibi and Abdisho bar Berika, and the scientific writings of Bar Hebraeus. These are also called bad words, obscenities, expletives, dirty words, profanities, and four-letter words. [119] The last few campaigns of Shalmaneser's reign were not led by the king, probably on account of old age, but rather by the turtanu (commander-in-chief) Dayyan-Assur. Ahuni's defeat was highly important since it marked the first time since Ashur-bel-kala (r.10731056BC), two centuries prior, that Assyrian forces had the opportunity to campaign further west than the Euphrates. The king earned a portion of the profit through imposing tolls and the money gained was used to expand Assur and its institutions. [263], An Assyrian independence movement took root as a result of these atrocities. [261] The Assyrians of Urmia in Iran refer to this time as Raqa raqa ("the Escape") due to 30,000 men, women and children fleeing from their homes in Urmia and Hakkari, travelling upwards of 600 kilometers to a refugee camp at Baqubah, near Baghdad. As vassal king of Babylon he was replaced by the puppet ruler Kandalanu.